INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AND ITS CORRECTION IN FORMING A HOST RESPONSE TO EXPOSURE TO ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

This study systematically review knowledge about the mechanisms of formation of an inflammatory reaction under the influence of biological, physical, and chemical factors, their similarities and differences, and possible methods of pharmacological correction of pathological conditions associated with excessive activation. The effect of adverse environmental factors, such as biological, physical, and chemical factors, causes a systemic response, which is aimed at maintaining homeostasis and is caused, among other things, by a coordinated reaction of the immune system. Phlogogenic agents result in the activation and regulation of the inflammatory response, which is formed by cellular and humoral components of innate immunity. The activation of innate immunity is characterized by a rapid host response, which diminishes following the elimination of "foreign” invaders, endogenous killer cells, and neogenesis. Depending on the nature of the active factors (biopathogens, allergens, toxins, ionizing radiation, etc.), the mechanisms of immune response arousal have unique features mainly originating from the differences in the recognition of specific molecular patterns and "danger signals” by different receptors. However, inflammatory mediators and inflammatory response patterns at the systemic level are largely similar even under widely different triggers. Inflammation, having evolved as an adaptive reaction directed at the immune response, can lead to the development of chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases due to a mismatch in mechanisms of its control. A "failure” in the regulation of the inflammatory process is the excessive activation of the immune system, which leads to the cytokine release syndrome (hypercytokinemia, or "cytokine storm”) and can cause self-damage (destruction) of tissues, multiple-organ failure, sepsis, and even death. Modern advances in the study of the pathogenetic bases of the inflammatory response are suggested, such as pharmacological correction using pattern recognition receptor antagonists, pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibitors, or blocking of key control genes or signaling pathways. All rights reserved © Eco-Vector, 2022.

A narrative review on radiation risk from imaging for COVID-19: Breaking the myths and the mithya

Radiotherapy-induced secondary malignancy is a well-known occurrence. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many people have undergone serial computed tomography (CT) imaging, and concerns have been raised regarding radiation-induced malignancies due to frequent scanning. Accordingly, various low and ultra-low-dose CT (LDCT) thorax protocols have been developed to reduce the dose of radiation. Major governing bodies worldwide have established guidelines regarding the indications for CT scans and chest X-rays during the pandemic. We, therefore, aimed to provide facts about the effects of radiation (both diagnostic and therapeutic). Through this article, we intend to break the myths and 'mithya' (misbeliefs) regarding diagnostic radiation and its association with cancer in this COVID-19 era. For this review, we performed a search in Google using specific keywords pertaining to imaging during COVID-19 and radiation risk. We also included the names of various global governing bodies in the Google search. We included only full text articles and guidelines from authentic websites. From this review, we conclude that if we follow the recommendations of various global governing bodies and use CT scan only in cases of moderate to severe COVID-related symptoms, adhere to the principle of 'as low as reasonably achievable' for radiation protection, and use LDCT scan protocols, we can significantly reduce the mean effective radiation dose delivered and the estimated cancer risk.Copyright © 2023 Cancer Research, Statistics, and Treatment. All rights reserved.

A Segmentation Method Based on PDNet for Chest X-rays with Targets in Different Positions and Directions

To assess the impact of the relative displacement between machines and subjects, the machine angle and the fine-tuning of the subject posture on the segmentation accuracy of chest X-rays, this paper proposes a Position and Direction Network (PDNet) for chest X-rays with different angles and positions that provides more comprehensive information for cardiac image diagnosis and guided surgery. The implementation of PDnet was as follows: First, the extended database image was sent to a traditional segmentation network for training to prove that the network does not have linear invariant characteristics. Then, we evaluated the performance of the mask in the middle layers of the network and added a weight mask that identifies the position and direction of the object in the middle layer, thus improving the accuracy of segmenting targets at different positions and angles. Finally, the active-shape model (ASM) was used to postprocess the network segmentation results, allowing the model to be effectively applied to 2014 × 2014 or higher definition chest X-rays. The experimental comparison of LinkNet, ResNet, U-Net, and DeepLap networks before and after the improvement shows that its segmentation accuracy (MIoU) are 5%, 6%, 20%, and 13% better. Their differences of losses are 11.24%, 21.96%, 18.53%, and 13.43% and F-scores also show the improved networks are more stable.

ResNet50V2: A Transfer Learning Model to Predict Pneumonia with chest X-ray images

In the Covid-19 pandemic days, it is critical to diagnose the disease due to less availability of medical beds and of having a large number of infected people. Thus, initial screening of the chest is much needed to avoid the diseases like Covid-19, lung cancer, heart disease, and many other conditions before these are caused to severe. However, the biggest advancement of the X-ray machine is that it uses a very modest dosage of ionizing radiation to obtain images of the inside of the chest. In the meantime, Deep learning (DL) in healthcare provides a prominent solution to identify the disease from the huge amount of medical images. The DL-based Transfer Learning (TL) model acts as a powerful technique for extracting feature when there have been less amount of data, and also has the potential to provide a promising solution. Thus, a TL model called ResNet50V2 has been proposed for detecting pneumonia from 5216 sample images. This model has been evaluated successfully with 10 epochs and predicts pneumonia with an accuracy of 99.69%. This might also help the doctors to predict other diseases like lung cancer, Covid-19, and Heart failure before these become to death. © 2022 IEEE.

Human Lung Non-Invasive Anomaly Detection through UWB Microwave Imaging and Diagnosis of COVID-19: A Possible Application

This study shows a prototype for detecting lung effects using microwave imaging. Continuous monitoring of pulmonary fluid levels is one of the most successful approaches for detecting fluid in the lung;early Chest X-rays, computational tomography (CT)-scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the most commonly used instruments for fluid detection. Nonetheless, they lack sensitivity to ionizing radiation and are inaccessible to the general public. This research focuses on the development of a low-cost, portable, and noninvasive device for detecting Covid-19 or lung damage. The simulation of the system involved the antenna design, a 3D model of the human lung, the building of a COMSOL model, and image processing to estimate the lung damage percentage. The simulation consisted of three components. The primary element requires mode switching for four array antennas (transmit and receive). In the paper, microwave tomography was used. Using microwave near-field imaging, the second component of the simulation analyses the lung's bioheat and electromagnetic waves as well as examines the image creation under various conditions;many electromagnetic factors seen at the receiving device are investigated. The final phase of the simulation shows the affected area of the lung phantom and the extent of the damage. © 2023 IEEE.

Dielectric Spectroscopy: Revealing the True Colors of Biological Matter

Accurate characterization of biological matter, for example, in tissue, cells, and biological fluids, is of high importance. For example, early and correct detection of abnormalities, such as cancer, is essential as it enables early and effective type-specific treatment, which is crucial for mortality reduction [1]. Moreover, it is imperative to investigate the effectiveness and toxicity of pharmaceutical treatments before administration in clinical practice [2]. However, biological matter characterization still faces many challenges. State-of-the-art imaging and characterization methods have drawbacks, such as the requirement to attach difficult-to-find and costly labels to the biological target (e.g., COVID-19 rapid tests), expensive equipment (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging), low accuracy (e.g., ultrasound), use of ionizing radiation (e.g., X-rays), and invasiveness [3]. The characterization of biological matter using microwave (μW), millimeter-wave (mmW), and terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is a promising alternative: it is label-free, does not require ionizing radiation, and can be noninvasive. Moreover, there is a significant difference in how different biological materials absorb, reflect, and transmit electromagnetic (EM) waves [4] that is due to the difference in their dielectric properties. The dielectric properties are described by the frequency-dependent material parameter called the complex permittivity f, which expresses how the material responds to an external oscillating electric field. The complex permittivity of a material determines how the material absorbs, reflects, and transmits EM waves at different frequencies (Figure 1). Since each biological material's permittivity spectrum is different, it acts as an EM fingerprint. A material's complex permittivity can be calculated from the reflection and transmission of EM waves through the material, described by the S-parameters, which can be measured using a vector network analyzer (VNA) transmitting and receiving EM waves over a range of frequencies. The amplitude and phase of the transmitted and reflected EM waves at different frequencies are influenced by different underlying biological effects at different scales. That causes the entire spectrum to provide information from the supracellular to the molecular and even atomic scale. © 2000-2012 IEEE.

SARS-CoV-2 infection and smoking: What is the association? A brief review.

Susceptibility to severe illness from COVID-19 is anticipated to be associated with cigarette smoking as it aggravates the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory illness, including infections. This is particularly important with the advent of a new strain of coronaviruses, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that has led to the present pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although, the effects of smoking on COVID-19 are less described and controversial, we presume a link between smoking and COVID-19. Smoking has been shown to enhance the expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) key entry genes utilized by SARS-CoV-2 to infect cells and induce a 'cytokine storm', which further increases the severity of COVID-19 clinical course. Nevertheless, the impact of smoking on ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 receptors expression remains paradoxical. Thus, further research is necessary to unravel the association between smoking and COVID-19 and to pursue the development of potential novel therapies that are able to constrain the morbidity and mortality provoked by this infectious disease. Herein we present a brief overview of the current knowledge on the correlation between smoking and the expression of SARS-CoV-2 key entry genes, clinical manifestations, and disease progression.

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders following past exposure to ionizing radiation and SARS CoV-2 infection

Introduction: Whether exist a potential association between schizophrenia spectrum disorders following past exposure to ionizing radiation and SARS CoV-2 infection is unknown. Objective(s): To assess a possible role of double radiation-viral exposure in pre- and postnatal periods in schizophrenia spectrum disorders genesis. Method(s): Integration and analysis of information available with the results of own clinical and epidemiological studies. Result(s): The renaissance of interest to the viral hypothesis of schizophrenia is observing during the current COVID-19 pandemic. There is an increasing number of cases and case series reports on psychotic schizophreniform disorders following SARS CoV-2 infection diagnosed as COVID-19-asssociated brief psychotic disorder, first episode psychosis, acute and transient psychotic disorder. The prevalence rate of schizophrenia in A-bomb survivors in Nagasaki was very high - 6 % (Nakane and Ohta, 1986), and increased in those prenatally exposed to A-bombing (Imamura et al., 1995) and medical X-irradiation (Gross et al., 2018). We found a significant increase in the schizophrenia incidence in the Chornobyl exclusion zone personnel, as well as schizophreniform syndromes in Chornobyl clean-up workers (liquidators) irradiated by moderate to high doses (more than 0.30 Sv). The neural diathesis-stressor hypothesis of schizophrenia spectrum disorders was proposed (Loganovsky and Loganovskaja, 2000;Loganovsky et al., 2005). Recently we observed the clinical case of organic schizophrenia-like disorder in the liquidator who was ill with COVID-19. Conclusion(s): The linkage between schizophrenia spectrum disorders following past exposure to ionizing radiation and SARS CoV-2 infection can exist that should be studied on the irradiated cohorts with following COVID-19.

Ultrasound to examine subcutaneous nodules in dermatology

Although histological assessment can assist in many dermatological diagnoses, there has been a recent trend to add imaging modalities to improve diagnostic accuracy. Ultrasound uses a large array of frequencies that correspond to various depths in the skin: the subcutaneous layer can be viewed with various frequencies in high resolution. Subcutaneous nodules, deep-seated lesions in the deep dermis and subcutaneous layers, are attractive targets for ultrasound imaging because they often show minimal visual changes on the skin surface. The aim of this work is to review the expanding body of literature regarding the use of ultrasound for the visualization of subcutaneous nodules. A review of the literature was conducted with the Covidence review managing using the electronic databases PubMed, Medline (ovid), Web of Science, and Google Scholar with the search terms 'ultrasound,' 'dermatology,' 'subcutaneous nodule', 'panniculitis,' 'sarcoidosis,' 'granuloma annular' and 'polyarteritis nodosa.' The search yielded 474 results that were screened. A total of 57 articles were included that were written in English and involved the use of ultrasound for the subcutaneous nodules of human patients. These case reports and case series characterized the sonographic features of the subcutaneous nodules in sarcoidosis (irregular hypoechoic nodule with perilesional hyperechoic portion), granuloma annulare (irregular ill-defined hypoechoic nodule with hyperechoic halo) or panniculitis (septal: hypoechoic thickening of septa between the hyperechoic fatty lobules;lobular: diffuse increase in echogenicity of the fatty lobules). Sonography was shown to be a non-invasive and cost-effective technique to capture images in real-time without ionizing radiation. It can help dermatological diagnoses, direct biopsies, facilitate appropriate treatment, and monitor disease progression. More research is required to understand the full potential of ultrasound for a larger variety of dermatologic concerns. Copyright © 2022

Influence of industrialization on environmental health: historical vision from the industrial revolution to the COVID-19 pandemic

Environmental pollution begins with the industrial era and increases after the Second World War with the rise of technology. In the 1970s, man began to become aware of the seriousness of this progressive and irreparable damage. Ecology and related sciences are developed and actions are implemented everywhere to manage or alleviate the damage. Pollution can directly alter the components of an ecosystem, water, air or soils, but it can also occur due to the presence of unusual physical or physicochemical phenomena, such as heat or ionizing radiation. Its effects are manifested mainly by damage to ecosystems and therefore damage to the health of human beings, animals, plants, land or water (Nebel, 1999;Clark, 2003). Today the ecological disasters of London, Donora, Minamata, Chernobyl, Bophal, the Persian Gulf, the Danube originating in Baia Mare or those of oil in the seas are well known (Baxter, 1991). In Peru, we know of the environmental damage of the City of Oroya, Lake Junin, the Choropampa spill, and urban contamination by lead dust from deposits of mineral concentrates in Callao. According to the Pan American Health Organization, there are 20,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the Amazon Basin (Martin, 2020). Gold miners and illegal loggers are exposing indigenous communities to considerable health risks, a situation that could have severe consequences given the poor response capacity of hospitals and health services in the region. Therefore, the spread of the virus in these communities could imply a tragedy that, in addition to the human losses, could, in turn, affect traditional knowledge and produce negative effects on the governance of the region. As a result, there could be even more deforestation in the future. Differential policies to serve ethnic populations in the region are an urgent need (Bermudez et al., 2020;Velez et al., 2020a). That is why this research set out to establish the Influence of industrialization on environmental health: Historical vision from the industrial revolution to the COVID19 pandemic.

Never Cared for What They Do: High Structural Stability of Guanine-Quadruplexes in the Presence of Strand-Break Damage

DNA integrity is an important factor that assures genome stability and, more generally, the viability of cells and organisms. In the presence of DNA damage, the normal cell cycle is perturbed when cells activate their repair processes. Although efficient, the repair system is not always able to ensure complete restoration of gene integrity. In these cases, mutations not only may occur, but the accumulation of lesions can either lead to carcinogenesis or reach a threshold that induces apoptosis and programmed cell death. Among the different types of DNA lesions, strand breaks produced by ionizing radiation are the most toxic due to the inherent difficultly of repair, which may lead to genomic instability. In this article we show, by using classical molecular simulation techniques, that compared to canonical double-helical B-DNA, guanine-quadruplex (G4) arrangements show remarkable structural stability, even in the presence of two strand breaks. Since G4-DNA is recognized for its regulatory roles in cell senescence and gene expression, including oncogenes, this stability may be related to an evolutionary cellular response aimed at minimizing the effects of ionizing radiation.

Low-dose ionizing radiation as a factor increasing cardiovascular mortality: Is there a risk from multiple computed tomographies in the context of COVID-19 pandemic?

The review aim was to familiarize biomedical professionals with the latest evidence-based data on the effect of sparsely ionizing radiation (X-ray, γ- and β-radiation) on cardiovascular mortality (ICD-9: 390-459;ICD-10: I00-I99), which is especially important during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic due to the increased use of computed tomography (CT) and X-ray procedures. Information is presented on the officially accepted range of radiation doses (very low doses — 0-0,01 Gy, low doses — 0,01-0,1 Gy, moderate doses — 0,11,0 Gy, high doses — over 1 Gy). The evolution of ideas about the effects of radiation on the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases is discussed: From high and very high doses to the declaration in recent years of the possible effect of low doses. The statements from the documents of authoritative radiation organizations (UNSCEAR, ICRP, NCRP, EPA, etc.) are given, according to which the threshold for increasing cardiovascular mortality is 0,5 Gy (range of moderate doses), and there are no epidemiological justifications for the effects of low doses. According to a data for six countries, the maximum cumulative doses from multiple CT scans for COVID-19 diagnosis are one order less than the threshold dose, and the average cumulative doses are two orders less. Data on the absence or low risk of cancer after CT for this reason are also presented.

Investigating the Performance of FixMatch for COVID-19 Detection in Chest X-rays

Featured ApplicationSemi-supervised learning can effectively be used to detect the chest X-rays affected by COVID-19.The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in medical resources being stretched to their limits. Chest X-rays are one method of diagnosing COVID-19;they are used due to their high efficacy. However, detecting COVID-19 manually by using these images is time-consuming and expensive. While neural networks can be trained to detect COVID-19, doing so requires large amounts of labeled data, which are expensive to collect and code. One approach is to use semi-supervised neural networks to detect COVID-19 based on a very small number of labeled images. This paper explores how well such an approach could work. The FixMatch algorithm, which is a state-of-the-art semi-supervised classification algorithm, was trained on chest X-rays to detect COVID-19, Viral Pneumonia, Bacterial Pneumonia and Lung Opacity. The model was trained with decreasing levels of labeled data and compared with the best supervised CNN models, using transfer learning. FixMatch was able to achieve a COVID F1-score of 0.94 with only 80 labeled samples per class and an overall macro-average F1-score of 0.68 with only 20 labeled samples per class. Furthermore, an exploratory analysis was conducted to determine the performance of FixMatch to detect COVID-19 when trained with imbalanced data. The results show a predictable drop in performance as compared to training with uniform data;however, a statistical analysis suggests that FixMatch may be somewhat robust to data imbalance, as in many cases, and the same types of mistakes are made when the amount of labeled data is decreased.

Study of UWB Near Field Microwave Imaging System for the Diagnosis of Lungs Damage Due to Fluid Accumulations

Lung damages, which is the leading cause of cancer and Covid-19 related death worldwide, can be better treated, and patients' chances of survival increased with early detection and diagnosis. PET (positron emission tomography), cone beam CT, Low dose helical CT, are advanced lung imaging techniques that allow for early diagnosis of smaller pulmonary nodules than normal chest radiography, but with ionizing radiation effect and being costly. In the field of imaging technology, microwave imaging has long been researched in the field of breast and brain. This study presents a review, conducts a feasibility study, and validates the concept of imaging the lungs in a similar manner to the breast and brain. The analysis includes designing a 3D human lung model, microwaves' various elements and factors inspection through the human body using holographic near field imaging, and image processing to estimate the percentage of lung damage. The safety and ionization exposure were also taken into consideration during the overall experiment. The use of microwave energy in various lung diseases is examined, and the basis for fluid detection utilizing microwave water content accumulation is also addressed compared to normal tissues. © 2022 IEEE.

Trends of Computed Tomography Scan Usage among Adults and Children in Yazd Province, Iran, before the Outbreak of COVID-19

Purpose: Excessive use of Computed Tomography (CT) has become a worrying issue due to the potential risks resulting from radiation exposure. This study was carried out to investigate trends in CT usage in Yazd Province, Iran. Materials and Methods: In the current study, patients were categorized according to their sex and age into two general groups, pediatrics (<18 years old) and adults (≥18 years old), each group falling into multiple subcategories. The performed CT scans were classified into six categories, based on the anatomical area of interest, including head/neck, chest, spine, abdomen-pelvis, extremities, and CT angiography (CTA). The data were collected from 2015 to 2018. Results: The mean number of CT scans increased by the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 11%. Across the procedures, head/neck (with an average contribution of 52% to all CT scans) was the most frequently examined region, whereas CTA had the lowest percentage (2%). More than half of the scans are performed on people over the age of 90, and among those aged<18 years old the most CT scan rates are related to 13-18-year-olds. Conclusion: The number of CT examinations is clearly increasing in Yazd Province. Some of this increase may be warranted because of the improvements in the diagnostic power of CT. The estimated number of pediatric CT scans has risen more than past. Due to the risk of cancer, efforts should be made to reduce unnecessary CT scans. Copyright © 2021 Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Molecular and Clinical Correlates with Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) Targeted Radionuclide Therapy

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) builds upon the radio sensitivity of prostate cancer with the specific expression of PSMA. We hypothesize that there are patient (germline) and/or tumor molecular characteristics such as DNA repair defects and active AR signaling as well as clinical characteristics that are associated with response (or lack thereof) to PSMA-TRT. We hypothesize that quantitative molecular imaging assessment of PSMA expression will be associated with response to PSMA-TRT. We also hypothesize that PSMA-TRT generates an immune response that may be identified and associated with patient outcome. In this proposal, we will utilize our retrospective and prospective data and sample sets to: (i) assess genomic biomarkers and gene expression changes associated with outcome from anti-PSMA targeted radionuclide therapy;(ii) assess clinical parameters associated with outcome from anti-PSMA-TRT;(iii) assess PSMA expression as determined by PSMA molecular imaging associated with response to anti-PSMA-TRT;and (iv) evaluate generation of an immune response following anti-PSMA-TRT in association with clinical outcome. This project addresses the overarching challenge to develop effective new treatments and address mechanisms of resistance and particularly addresses the Focus Areas of Imaging and Targeted Radionuclide Therapy and Therapy and Mechanisms of Resistance and Response.

Molecular and Clinical Correlates with Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)-Targeted Radionuclide Therapy

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) builds upon the radiosensitivity of prostate cancer with the specific expression of PSMA. We hypothesize that there are patient (germline) and/or tumor molecular characteristics such as DNA repair defects and active AR signaling as well as clinical characteristics that are associated with response (or lack thereof) to PSMA-TRT. We hypothesize that quantitative molecular imaging assessment of PSMA expression will be associated with response to PSMA-TRT. We also hypothesize that PSMA-TRT generates an immune response that may be identified and associated with patient outcome. In this proposal, we will utilize our retrospective and prospective data and sample sets to: (i) assess genomic biomarkers and gene expression changes associated with outcome from anti-PSMA targeted radionuclide therapy;(ii) assess clinical parameters associated with outcome from anti-PSMA- TRT;(iii) assess PSMA expression as determined by PSMA molecular imaging associated with response to anti-PSMA TRT;and (iv) evaluate generation of an immune response following anti-PSMA-TRT in association with clinical outcome. This project addresses the overarching challenge to develop effective new treatments and address mechanisms of resistance and particularly addresses the Focus Areas of Imaging and Targeted Radionuclide Therapy and Therapy and Mechanisms of Resistance and Response.

The Role of Ionizing Radiation for Diagnosis and Treatment against COVID-19: Evidence and Considerations.

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to spread worldwide with over 260 million people infected and more than 5 million deaths, numbers that are escalating on a daily basis. Frontline health workers and scientists diligently fight to alleviate life-threatening symptoms and control the spread of the disease. There is an urgent need for better triage of patients, especially in third world countries, in order to decrease the pressure induced on healthcare facilities. In the struggle to treat life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia, scientists have debated the clinical use of ionizing radiation (IR). The historical literature dating back to the 1940s contains many reports of successful treatment of pneumonia with IR. In this work, we critically review the literature for the use of IR for both diagnostic and treatment purposes. We identify details including the computed tomography (CT) scanning considerations, the radiobiological basis of IR anti-inflammatory effects, the supportive evidence for low dose radiation therapy (LDRT), and the risks of radiation-induced cancer and cardiac disease associated with LDRT. In this paper, we address concerns regarding the effective management of COVID-19 patients and potential avenues that could provide empirical evidence for the fight against the disease.

Review on irradiation effects on quality of frozen meat food

Irradiation technology has been widely used in the field of food processing. It is urgent to figure out whether the quality of frozen meat food would change after irradiation, when the SARS-CoV-2 was detected in the imported cold-chain meat. The effects of irradiation on the quality of frozen meat are summarized from the aspects of food sensory, protein decomposition, fat oxidation, vitamin content and so on, providing reference for the formulation of irradiation for the elimination of SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses on frozen food, as well as the study of irradiated frozen meat and the industrial development of irradiated frozen food. © 2022, Science Press. All right reserved.